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    Ukraińska dyplomacja wobec wyzwań związanych z rosyjską agresją w Ukrainie
    (Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia Politologica, 2024) Aleksander Sapiński; Anna Nastuła
    Artykuł analizuje strategię dyplomatyczną Ukrainy w odpowiedzi na wyzwania związane z rosyjską agresją. Omawia kluczowe osiągnięcia dyplomatyczne, takie jak działania mające na celu zapobieżenie globalnemu wzrostowi cen żywności i energii, a także udane negocjacje prowadzące do wymiany jeńców wojennych. Artykuł analizuje również stosunki dyplomatyczne Ukrainy ze Stanami Zjednoczonymi, Unią Europejską i państwami Zatoki Perskiej, a także rozważa szersze implikacje tych relacji zarówno dla Ukrainy, jak i społeczności międzynarodowej. Podkreśla znaczenie dyplomacji kulturalnej jako środka do zachowania niezależności kulturowej Ukrainy i przeciwdziałania zakorzenionym w historii kampaniom dezinformacyjnym Rosji. Artykuł porusza również kwestię międzynarodowych wizyt prezydenta Zełenskiego, które przyczyniły się do nałożenia sankcji na Rosję i ciągłego nacisku na ich eskalację.
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    Bridging Risk Ethics and Sustainability: A Data-Driven Study of Ethical Leadership Practices in Risky Business Environments
    (Business Ethics and Leadership, 2025) Prokopenko, Olha; Järvis, Maria; Shahnazaryan, Nelly; Chechel, Anna; Chechel, Anna; Sapiński Aleksander; Batsenko Ludmila
    This paper analyzes the increasing demand to recognize the role of ethical leadership in sustainabilityperformance under high-risk and multi-dimensional business conditions. The research aims to examine empirically the connection between ethical leadership behaviors and sustainability performance in five countries (Estonia, Armenia, the United Kingdom, Germany, and Poland) between 2022 and 2024. The countries have been chosen because they have varying risk profiles, institutional maturity, and educational capacities and make an adequate comparison in developed and transitional economies. The timeframe of the study reflects a period of increased vulnerability caused by geopolitical tensions, economic disruptions, and shifting governance structures. The study relies on the secondary statistical data of globally reputable databases, such as environmental performance, the quality of governance, and socio-economic development variables. Through the panel fixed effects regressions, the research finds positive and significant associations between ethical leadership and sustainability, especially when good governance and education systems are in place. This confirms the hypothesis that ethical leadership positively affects sustainability in high-risk environments. Case in point, Germany and the United Kingdom were among the countries with high ethical leadership and low business risk to have the most consistently high sustainability scores, whereas transition countries tended to have more mixed performance. The research results can be of practical use to policymakers, corporate planners, and educators who can enhance the morality of leaders to pursue an avenue to sustainability. Such findings can be used in leadership training as well as in the identification of institutional reform strategies and risk-sensitive policies in transitional economies.
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    THE FISCAL AND CUSTOMS ADMINISTRATION TO CONTROL THE COLLECTION OF CUSTOMS DUTIES-TAX
    (Scientific Journal of Bielsko-Biala School of Finance and Law (Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Finansów i Prawa), 2015) Adam DROZDEK
    The issues contained in this publication focuses on the basic characteristics of the structural elements of duty, for which undoubtedly include relief and duty exemptions. The analysis showed differences that occur in their construction, as well as the functions performed by them. With their legal nature, as well as places in the legal structure of duties that they are not necessary for the existence of the duty.
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    ATTITUDES OF LOAN TAKERS AND CREDIT POLICY OF BANKS IN POST-CRISIS ECONOMY
    (Scientific Journal of Bielsko-Biala School of Finance and Law (Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Finansów i Prawa), 2015) Elżbieta Rak-Młynarska; Halina Łapińska
    Last financial crisis caused insolvency of many entities: natural persons, companies, banks and even whole states. The crisis had a serious impact on the real sphere of the economy through channels of financing because the lack of liquidity on the financial market meant stricter credit procedures and more expenisve loans. This, in turn, brought about the fall in the demand for money and cumulation of payment difficulties. It maybe noticed that certain elements of credit policy change along the changing conditions of the economy and situation on the market, influencing the loan takers' behaviour - rise or fall in the demand for loans. The aim of the paper is an attempt to answer the question to what extent the demand for loans is shaped by the attitudes of the entrepreneurs themselves and why not all eceonomic entities are interested in taking out loans despite fulfilling the credit conditions of banks.
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    Contemporary threats related to content processing in the cyberspace
    (Scientific Journal of Bielsko-Biala School of Finance and Law (Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Finansów i Prawa), 2016) Dariusz Szydłowski; Kamil Martyniak
    The Internet, as a social medium has a wide spectrum of applications. In general, the cyberspace serves as a provider of services, a commercial platform and the arena of social networking. On one hand, the Internet offers unlimited possibilities with respect to the access to all sources of information but, on the other hand, it can generate a series of threats to the established social and legal order. The threats may pertain to systems, data security, computer programs, users' privacy and intellectual property. Although the problem is important socially as well as politically, until recently the Polish literature on the subject did not address the issue of counteracting and punishing offences related to electronic data processing widely enough. The motivation behind this paper was recent social discourse on the free flow of information on the Internet and the multiplicity of controversies accompanying this topic.